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Input/Output and Type Casting

When writing programs, it’s essential to interact with users—taking input, showing output, and converting data types when necessary. Let’s break it down.


Output in Python

To display a message or result, Python uses the print() function.

This is called an f-string, and it’s a clean way to combine text with variables.


Input in Python

To take user input, use the input() function. It always returns the value as a string by default.

 

If the input needs to be a number, we must convert (cast) it.


Type Casting (Type Conversion)

Type casting means converting a value from one data type to another. Common conversions include:

Function Converts to
int() Integer
float() Decimal
str() String
bool() Boolean

Example:

 

 

You must cast before performing math or logic on input values.

 

Be Careful:

If you try to convert invalid input like "abc" to an int, it will give an error.

int("abc") # ❌ ValueError

Summary

  • print() → displays output.
  • input() → reads user input as string.
  • Type casting is needed to convert data to int, float, str, etc.
  • Always ensure proper conversion when taking numeric input.
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